- TEMA INTEGRADOR 1
Personality has to do with individual differences among people in behavior patterns, cognition and emotion. Different personality theorists present their own definitions of the word based on their theoretical positions.
The term "personality trait" refers to enduring personal characteristics that are revealed in a particular pattern of behaviour in a variety of situations.
Personality can be determined through a variety of tests, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), Rorschach Inkblot test, or the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The most popular technique is the self-report inventory - a series of answers to a questionnaire that asks participants to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state.
The study of personality started with Hippocrates' four humours and gave rise to four temperaments. The explanation was further refined by his successor Galenduring the second century CE. The "Four Humours" theory held that a person's personality was based on the balance of bodily humours; yellow bile, black bile, phlegm and blood. Choleric people were characterized as having an excess of yellow bile, making them irascible. High levels of black bile was indicative of melancholy and pessimism. Phlegmatic people were thought to have an excess of phlegm, leading to their sluggish, calm temperament. Finally, people thought to have high levels of blood were said to be sanguine and were characterized by their cheerful, passionate dispositions.
Personality is usually broken into components called the Big Five, which are: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (or emotionality). These components are generally stable over time and appear to be attributable to a person’s genetics rather than the effects of one’s environment.
Some research has investigated whether the relationship between happiness and extraversion seen in adults can also be seen in children. The implications of these findings can help identify children that are more likely to experience episodes of depression and develop types of treatment that such children are likely to respond to. In both children and adults, research shows that genetics, as opposed to environmental factors, exert a greater influence on happiness levels. Personality is not believed to become stable until approximately the age of thirty, and personality constructs in children are referred to as temperament. Temperament is regarded as the precursor to personality. Whereas McCrae and Costa’s Big Five Model assesses personality traits in adults, the EAS model is used to assess temperament in children. This model measures levels of emotionality, activity, sociability and shyness in children. The EAS model is believed to be the equivalent of the Big Five model in adults. Findings show that high degrees of sociability and low degrees of shyness are equivalent to adult extroversion, and also correlate with higher levels of life satisfaction in children.
TRADUCCIÓN
La personalidad tiene que ver con las diferencias individuales entre las personas en los patrones de comportamiento, la cognición y la emoción. Diferentes teóricos de la personalidad presentan sus propias definiciones de la palabra sobre la base de sus posiciones teóricas.
El término "rasgo de la personalidad" se refiere a soportar características personales que se revelan en un patrón particular de comportamiento en una variedad de situaciones.
La personalidad puede ser determinada a través de una variedad de pruebas, como el Inventario Multifásico de Personalidad de Minnesota (MMPI-2), prueba de la mancha de tinta de Rorschach o el Test de Apercepción Temática (TAT). La técnica más popular es el inventario de autoinforme - una serie de respuestas a un cuestionario que pide a los participantes para indicar la medida en que establece de declaraciones o adjetivos describir con precisión su propio comportamiento o estado mental.
El estudio de la personalidad comenzó con Hipócrates cuatro humores y dio lugar a cuatro temperamentos. La explicación fue perfeccionado por su sucesor Galenduring el siglo II. La teoría de "cuatro humores" sostuvo que la personalidad de una persona se basa en el equilibrio de los humores corporales; bilis amarilla, bilis negro, flema y sangre. Personas coléricas se caracterizan por tener un exceso de bilis amarilla, haciéndolos irascible. Los altos niveles de bilis negro era indicativo de la melancolía y el pesimismo. Personas flemáticos se cree que tienen un exceso de flema, lo que lleva a su lentitud, temperamento tranquilo. Por último, la gente piensa que tienen altos niveles de sangre se dice que son optimistas y se caracterizaron por sus alegres, disposiciones apasionados.
La personalidad se suele dividir en componentes llamados los cinco grandes, que son: apertura a la experiencia, la conciencia, extraversión, agradabilidad y neuroticismo (o emocionalidad). Estos componentes son generalmente estables en el tiempo y parecen ser atribuibles a la genética de una persona en lugar de los efectos de su entorno.
Algunas investigaciones han investigado si la relación entre la felicidad y extraversión visto en adultos también se puede ver en los niños. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos pueden ayudar a identificar a los niños que son más propensos a experimentar episodios de depresión y desarrollar los tipos de tratamiento que tales niños son propensos a responder a. En ambos niños y adultos, la investigación muestra que la genética, en contraposición a los factores ambientales, ejercen una mayor influencia en los niveles de felicidad. La personalidad no se cree para ser estable hasta aproximadamente los treinta años, y las construcciones de la personalidad en los niños se les conoce como temperamento. El temperamento es considerado como el precursor de la personalidad. Mientras evalúa McCrae y Costa del Big Five Modelo rasgos de personalidad en los adultos, el modelo de EAS se utiliza para evaluar el temperamento en los niños. Este modelo mide los niveles de emotividad, la actividad, la sociabilidad y la timidez en los niños. El modelo de EAS se cree que es el equivalente del modelo del Big Five en los adultos. Los resultados muestran que un alto grado de sociabilidad y bajos grados de timidez son equivalentes a la extroversión de adultos, y también se correlacionan con mayores niveles de satisfacción con la vida en los niños.
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES/SUBJECT PRONOUNS
I/YO
YOU/TU
HE/EL
SHE/ELLA
IT/ESO
WE/NOSOTROS
YOU/USTEDES
THEY/ELLOS
PRESENTE DEL VERBO TO BE
Afirmativa/Afirmative
-sujeto+verbo+to be+complemento
-subject+verb to be+complement
Negativa/Negative
-sujeto+verbo to be+not+complemento
-subject+verb to be+not+complement
Interrogativa/Interrogative
-verbo to be+sujeto+complemento+?
-verb to be+subject+complement+? question mark
ACTIVIDAD
AFIRMATIVA
-He is hansome
-I am sad
-She is radiant
-We are great friends
-You are beautiful
-It is cloudy
-You are beautiful
-They are ugly
-She is great
-I am blessed
NEGATIVA
-He is not handsome
-I am not sad
-She is not radiant
-We are not great friends
-You are not beautiful
-It is not cloudy
-You are not beautiful
-They are not ugly
-Sheis not great
- I am not blessed
INTERROGATIVA
-Is he handsome?
-Am i sad?
-Is she radiant?
-Are we great friends?
-Are you beautiful?
-Is it claudy?
-Are you beutiful?
-Are they ugly?
-Is she great?
-Am i blessed?
PRESENTE SIMPLE
AFIRMATIVA
SUJETO+VERBO+COMPLEMENTO
-You works in a company
-he drinks a lot or water
NEGATIVA
SUJETO+DO/DOES+NOT+VERBO+COMPLEMENTO
-You not/(don´t) work in a company
-He does not/(does´t) drink a lot of water
INTERROGATIVA
DO/DOES+SUJETO+VERBO+COMPLEMENTO
-Do you work in a company?
-Does he drink a lot of water?
ACTIVIDAD
AFIRMATIVA
1.-Mary (play) plays soccer with her brother.
2.-You (run) run at park.
3.-He (drink) drinks a soda .
4.-She (talk) talks to her mother.
5.-We (walk) walk at home.
6.-It (rain) rains a lot of water.
7.-They (eat) eat a hamburger.
8.-Juan (do) does the homework.
9.-Pedro (cook) cooks a soup.
10.-We (sing) sing a song.
NEGATIVA
1.-Mary does´t play soccer with her brother.
2.-You don´t run at park.
3.-He does´t drink a soda.
4.-She does´t talk to her mother.
5.-We don´t walk at home.
6.-It does´t rain a lot of water.
7.-They don´t eat a hamburger.
8.-Juan does´t the homework.
9.-Pedro does´t cook a soup.
10.-We don´t sing a song.
INTERROGATIVA
1.-Does Mary play soccer with her brother?.
2.-Do you run at park?.
3.-Does he drink a soda?.
4.- Does she talk to her mother?.
5.-Do we walk at home?.
6.-Does it rain a lot of water?.
7.-Do they eat a hamburger?.
8.-Does Juan the homework?.
9.-Does Pedro cook a soup?
10.-Do we sing a song?.
*WH* QUESTION WORDS
-WHO= ¿QUIEN?
-WHEN= ¿CUANDO?
-WHERE= ¿DONDE?
-WHAT= ¿QUE?
-WHICH= ¿CUAL?
-WHY= ¿POR QUE?
-HOW= ¿COMO? ¿CUANTOS?
-HOW MUCH= ¿CUANTO?
-HOW MANY= ¿CUANTOS?
-HOW LONG= ¿DURANTE CUANTO TIEMPO?
-HOW AFTEN= ¿QUE TANTO A MENUDO?
DESCRIPCION
My name is Brissa.This is my dog.She is white.Is two years old.
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